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Red Gum Lerp Psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) |
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Red gum lerp psyllid, native to Australia, invaded
southern California in the late 20th Century. Feeding is entirely on species of Eucalyptus and in California
it is particularly abundant on the river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), flooded gum (E. rudis), and forest red gum (E. tereticornis). The psyllid has demonstrated remarkable
invasion potential. After its initial
discovery in California, red gum lerp psyllid was found in Baja California,
Mexico in 2000, Florida and Hawaii in 2001, Mauritius 2001, South America in
2002, and Portugal and Spain in 2007.
This pest is a major threat to susceptible Eucalyptus species that are
grown in urban landscapes, as wind shelters, or as commercial forests. As the
psyllids feed, nymphs and adults excrete waste products. When nymphs feed they form a protective
white cover called a "lerp," on eucalyptus leaves. They use this for protection. A
biological control program against red gum lerp psyllid has used the
parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus. This natural enemy is native to Australia
and was widely released in California from 2000 through 2002 to control the The biological control program with P. bliteus against the red gum lerp
psyllid has been very successful in California's mild coastal regions, but
has provided, only sporadic control in the hot dry interior regions of
California. Other strains of P. bliteus more tolerant to hot arid
conditions might be found in Australia for introduction, or different natural
enemies may be needed for areas where P.
bliteus has provided inadequate control. In
Australia, occasional outbreaks of G.
brimblecombei have occurred, usually after a drought year followed
by heavy rainfall. The psyllid has
been a very serious pest outside Australia in ornamental plantings and in
some eucalypt plantations where it has been introduced without benefit of
effective natural controls. Numerous
authors allude to its occasional devastating effects in local newspapers,
pest control newsletters and university extension publications. In: Brazil, G. brimblecombei caused significant
damage to eucalypt plantations in the first years of its introduction/ REFERENCES:
FURTHER RELATED REFERENCES Bella, S., & C. Rapisarda. 2013. First record from Greece of the invasive
red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis
brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera Psyllidae) and its associated
parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus
Riek (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae). Redia
XCVI: 33–35. Brennan, E., F. Hrusa, S. Weinbaum &
W. Levison. 2001. Resistance of Eucalyptus species to Glycaspis
brimblecombe (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the San Francisco
Bay area. Pan Pac. Entomol. 77:
249–253. Caleca, V., S. Bella, A. La Pergola, A. Lombardo, G. Lo Verde, M.
Maltese, et al. 2018. Environmental factors and incidence of
parasitism of Psyllaephagus bliteus
Riek (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) on populations of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Aphalaridae) in
Mediterranean climatic areas. Redia
1010: 89–100. Collett, N. 2001.
Biology and control of psyllids, and the possible causes for
defoliation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Dehnh. (river red gum) in south-eastern Australia--a review. Australian Forestry. 64 (2):
88–95. Dahlsten, D. L., E. P. Hansen, R. L. Zuparka & R.
B. Norgaard. 1998a. Biological control of the blue gum psyllid
proves economically beneficial.
California Agriculture 52 (1):
35-40. Dahlsten, D. L., D. L. Rowney, W. A. Copper, et
al. 1998b. Parasitoid wasp controls blue gum psyllid. California Agriculture
52 (1): 31-34. de Queiroz, D. L., J. Majer, D. Burckhardt, R. Zanetti, J. I.
R. Fernandez & E. C. de Queiroz, et al.
2013. Predicting
the geographical distribution of Glycaspis
brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in Brazil. Australian Journal of Entomology 52: 20–30. Hanks, L. M., T. D. Paine & J. G. Millar. 1996.
A tiny wasp comes to the aid of California's Eucalyptus trees. California Agriculture
50: 14-16. Junk, J., M. Eickermann, M. Milenovic, P. Suma & C.
Rapisarda. 2020. Re-visiting the incidence of environmental
factors on a pre-imaginal population of the red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore. Insects 11: 860. Laudonia, S., M. Margiotta & R. Sasso. 2014.
Seasonal occurrence and adaptation of the exotic Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore
(Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Italy.
Journal of Natural History 48:
675–689. Paine, T. D., J. G. Millar, T. S. Bellows &
L. M. Hanks. 1997. Enlisting an under-appreciated clientele:
public participation in distribution and evaluation of natural enemies in
urban landscapes. American
Entomologist 43: 163-172. Paine, T. D., D. L. Dahlsten, J. G. Millar, M. S.
Hoddle & L. M. Hanks. 2000. University of California scientists apply IPM
techniques to new eucalyptus pests.
California Agriculture 54 (6):
8-13. Chiappini, E., S. V. Triapitzin & A. Donev. 1996.
Key to the Holarctic species of Anagrus
Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with a review of the Nearctic and
Palaearctic (other than European) species and descriptions of new taxa. Journal of Natural History 30: 551-595. Triapitzin,
S. V. 1995a. The identities of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg
parasitoid of the grape and blackberry leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
in California. Pan-Pacific Entomol.
71 (4): 250-251. Triapitzin, S. V. 1995b. A review of the Australian species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Russian Entomological Journal 4
(1-4): 105-108. Triapitzin, S.
V. 1997. The genus Anagrus
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in America south of the United States: a
review. Ceiba (Zamorano,
Honduras) 38 (1): 1-12. Triapitsin,
S. V. 1998. Anagrus
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Erythroneura
spp. and other leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in North American
vineyards and orchards: a taxonomic review.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 124 (2): 77-112. Triapitzin, S. V., R. F. Mizell,
J. L. Bossart & C. E. Carlton.
1998. Egg
parasitoids of Homalodisca coagulata
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Florida
Entomologist 81 (2): 241-243. Triapitzin, S. V. & D. Strong.
1995. A new Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg
parasitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera:
Delphacidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 71
(4): 199-203. Walker, G. P.,
N. Zareh, I. M. Bayoun & S. V. Triapitzin. 1997.
Introduction of western Asian egg parasitoids into California for
biological control of beet leafhopper, Circulifer
tenellus. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73 (4): 236-242. |