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Red Gum Lerp Psyllid

 

Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

 

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       Red gum lerp psyllid, native to Australia, invaded southern California in the late 20th Century.  Feeding is entirely on species of Eucalyptus and in California it is particularly abundant on the river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), flooded gum (E. rudis), and forest red gum (E. tereticornis).  The psyllid has demonstrated remarkable invasion potential.  After its initial discovery in California, red gum lerp psyllid was found in Baja California, Mexico in 2000, Florida and Hawaii in 2001, Mauritius 2001, South America in 2002, and Portugal and Spain in 2007.  This pest is a major threat to susceptible Eucalyptus species that are grown in urban landscapes, as wind shelters, or as commercial forests.

 

       As the psyllids feed, nymphs and adults excrete waste products.  When nymphs feed they form a protective white cover called a "lerp," on eucalyptus leaves.  They use this for protection.

 

       A biological control program against red gum lerp psyllid has used the parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus.  This natural enemy is native to Australia and was widely released in California from 2000 through 2002 to control the

 

       The biological control program with P. bliteus against the red gum lerp psyllid has been very successful in California's mild coastal regions, but has provided, only sporadic control in the hot dry interior regions of California.  Other strains of P. bliteus more tolerant to hot arid conditions might be found in Australia for introduction, or different natural enemies may be needed for areas where P. bliteus has provided inadequate control.

 

       In Australia, occasional outbreaks of G. brimblecombei have occurred, usually after a drought year followed by heavy rainfall.  The psyllid has been a very serious pest outside Australia in ornamental plantings and in some eucalypt plantations where it has been introduced without benefit of effective natural controls.  Numerous authors allude to its occasional devastating effects in local newspapers, pest control newsletters and university extension publications.  In: Brazil, G. brimblecombei caused significant damage to eucalypt plantations in the first years of its introduction/

 

REFERENCES:                                                                                          FURTHER RELATED REFERENCES

 

Bella, S., & C. Rapisarda.  2013.  First record from Greece of the invasive red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera Psyllidae) and its associated parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae).  Redia  XCVI:  33–35.

 

 Brennan, E.,  F. Hrusa,  S. Weinbaum  &  W. Levison.  2001.  Resistance of Eucalyptus species to Glycaspis brimblecombe

  (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in the San Francisco Bay area.  Pan Pac. Entomol. 77:  249–253.

 

Caleca, V., S. Bella,  A. La Pergola, A. Lombardo, G. Lo Verde, M. Maltese, et al.  2018.  Environmental factors and incidence of parasitism of Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) on populations of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Aphalaridae) in Mediterranean climatic areas.  Redia 1010:  89–100.

 

Collett, N.  2001.  Biology and control of psyllids, and the possible causes for defoliation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (river red gum) in south-eastern Australia--a review.  Australian Forestry.  64 (2):  88–95.

 

Dahlsten, D. L., E. P. Hansen, R. L. Zuparka & R. B. Norgaard.  1998a.  Biological control of the blue gum psyllid proves economically beneficial.  California Agriculture 52 (1):  35-40.

 

Dahlsten, D. L., D. L. Rowney, W. A. Copper, et al.  1998b.  Parasitoid wasp controls blue gum psyllid.  California Agriculture 52  (1):  31-34.

 

de Queiroz, D. L.,  J. Majer, D. Burckhardt, R. Zanetti, J. I. R. Fernandez & E. C. de Queiroz, et al.  2013.  Predicting the geographical distribution of Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in Brazil.  Australian Journal of Entomology 52:  20–30.

 

Hanks, L. M., T. D. Paine & J. G. Millar.  1996.  A tiny wasp comes to the aid of California's Eucalyptus trees.  California Agriculture 50:  14-16.

 

Junk, J.,  M. Eickermann, M. Milenovic, P. Suma  &  C. Rapisarda.  2020.  Re-visiting the incidence of environmental factors on a pre-imaginal population of the red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore.  Insects 11:  860.

 

Laudonia, S., M. Margiotta  &  R. Sasso.  2014.  Seasonal occurrence and adaptation of the exotic Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Italy.  Journal of Natural History 48:  675–689.

 

Paine, T. D., J. G. Millar, T. S. Bellows  &  L. M. Hanks.  1997.  Enlisting an under-appreciated clientele: public participation in distribution and evaluation of natural enemies in urban landscapes.  American Entomologist 43:  163-172.

 

Paine, T. D., D. L. Dahlsten, J. G. Millar, M. S. Hoddle & L. M. Hanks.  2000.  University of California scientists apply IPM techniques to new eucalyptus pests.  California Agriculture 54 (6):  8-13.

 

 

FURTHER RELATED REFERENCES:

 

Chiappini, E., S. V. Triapitzin & A. Donev.  1996.  Key to the Holarctic species of Anagrus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with a review of the Nearctic and Palaearctic (other than European) species and descriptions of new taxa.  Journal of Natural History 30:  551-595.

 

Triapitzin, S. V.  1995a.  The identities of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoid of the grape and blackberry leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in California.  Pan-Pacific Entomol. 71 (4):  250-251.

 

Triapitzin, S. V.  1995b.  A review of the Australian species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae).  Russian Entomological Journal 4 (1-4):  105-108.

 

Triapitzin, S. V.  1997.  The genus Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in America south of the United States: a review.  Ceiba (Zamorano, Honduras) 38 (1):  1-12.

 

Triapitsin, S. V.  1998.  Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Erythroneura spp. and other leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in North American vineyards and orchards: a taxonomic review.  Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 124 (2):  77-112.

 

Triapitzin, S. V., R. F. Mizell,  J. L. Bossart & C. E. Carlton.  1998.  Egg parasitoids of Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae).  Florida Entomologist  81 (2):  241-243.

 

Triapitzin, S. V. & D. Strong.  1995.  A new Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera: Delphacidae).  Pan-Pacific Entomol. 71 (4):  199-203.

 

Walker, G. P., N. Zareh, I. M. Bayoun & S. V. Triapitzin.  1997.  Introduction of western Asian egg parasitoids into California for biological control of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus.  Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73 (4):  236-242.